View source for IqEDyn*

==General variables==

'''♠ RA ♣ Marta Bartkowiak ♥'''

''' ♠ Original name  ♣ Early Dynastic ♥ '''

''' ♠ Alternative names  ♣ ♥ '''

''' ♠ Peak Date  ♣  ♥ ''' 2296-2271 BCE III dynasty of Uruk and the reign of Lugalzagesi<ref>Hamblin 2006, 64-66</ref>

====Temporal bounds====


''' ♠ Duration  ♣ 2900-2500 BCE ♥ '''  according to short chronology. The Early Dynastic Period is subdivided into three phases: Early Dynastic I, Early Dynastic II and Early Dynastic III. The Early Dynastic Period III is additionally divided into two subphases: A and B.<ref>Roux 1998, 110</ref> The Early Dynastic Period I-II (ED I-II) is dated to 2900-2600 BCE, and ED IIIA is dated to 2600-2500 BCE and ED IIIB is dated to 2500-2270 BCE.<ref>Brisch 2013, 116</ref> Following middle chronology this period is dated: 2900-2334 BCE<ref>Hamblin 2006, 35</ref> The end of this period is designated by the beginning of Sargon's reign of Akkad.<ref>McIntosh 2005, 70</ref>

'''♠ Degree of centralization ♣ quasi-polity; nominal ♥ '''  quasi-polity: 2900-2700 BCE; nominal: 2700-2270 BCE<ref>Brisch 2013, 117-120</ref>


''' ♠ Supra-polity relations ♣ nominal allegiance ♥ '''

====Supra-cultural relations====

:''' ♠ preceding (quasi)polity  ♣ Uruk ♥ '''
:''' ♠ relationship to preceding (quasi)polity ♣ continuity ♥ ''' There are no traces of any dramatic cultural interruption between these two periods.
:''' ♠ succeeding (quasi)polity  ♣ Akkadian Empire ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Supracultural entity ♣  ♥ '''
:''' ♠ scale of supra-cultural interaction ♣  ♥ ''' km squared.

''' ♠ Capital  ♣ none ♥ ''' There was no single capital as the Sumer in Early Dynastic Period consisted of many various "city-state' organism. However, the special significance had city of Kish and the title- "lugal of Kish" ("king") was very prestige title. On the other hand, the city of Nippur played a role of religious capital of whole Sumer.<ref>Hamblin 2006, 44</ref>

''' ♠ Language  ♣ Sumerian ♥ '''<ref>Cunningham 2013, 95-97</ref>
====General Description====

The Early Dynastic polity was not a single political unit, but rather a conglomeration of various smaller polities which shared most of the features, either cultural, social, political or economic. To cite Hamblin: "Politically Sumer in the Early Dynastic period was divided into a number of separate and feuding independent city-states engaged in complex pattern of cooperation, alliance, conflict and war.<ref>Hamblin 2006, 44</ref> Most of the cities were ruled by the kings-priests (called lugal or en) which competed with other city-states. The Early Dynastic Period is directly linked to previous polities, especially Jemdet Nasr and most of the urban centres were still occupied and developed. According to Chavrat: "For the earlier part of the ED period, three types of architectural layout stand out: spacious residences in enclosures (sometimes oval such as those observed on the west mound of Abu Salabikh and elsewhere); regular buildings on ordered plans, comprising most of those currently described as ‘temples’ and ‘palaces’; and, finally, densely packed urban networks such as those of the Abu Salabikh Central Mound or of the ‘Y’ sounding at Kiš."<ref>Chavrat 2012, 235</ref>The position of temples were very high, and  fulfilled not only religious or ceremonial role, but also political and administrative. The temples had their own fields and animals and were independent institutions, but also obtained gifts for god or goddess from people. Moreover, many people, mostly farmers were obligated to render some services and work. <ref>Gadd 1971, 137-138</ref> The recent studies, however, indicated on dominant role of temple as social and economic institution in Early Dynastic Period I, but gradually the palaces gained prominent position. There is assumed that military victory of some rulers played significant role in forming high position of palace and secular power.<ref>Evans 2012, 121</ref><ref>Cohen 2005, 3-5</ref> The Early Dynastic Period is also described as a time when the first very intensive military campaigns and conflicts happened. The increase of warfare activity was probably caused by a need of new agricultural lands and water rights, and it also reflected the process of cumulation of power and growth of political significance of some individuals.<ref>McIntosh 2005, 71</ref> The main source of information concerning the political history of Sumer in the Early Dynastic Period is the Sumerian king-list, which contained the names of ling ruling in various Mesopotamian cities.  The main problem, however, is to reconstruct both the exact time of each ruling and the synchronize the ruling of each king. The list mentioned few royal dynasty such as the first, second and third dynasty of Kish (with kings Enmebarasi, Agga, etc), the first dynasty of Uruk (one of the most known kings were Gilgamesh, Enmerkar, Lugalbanda), the  first dynasty of Ur, dynasty of Adab, dynasty of Mari, dynasty of Hamazi, dynasty of Awan, dynasty of Akshak. There is assumed that the supremacy of Uruk dynasty correlates with duration of Early Dynastic Period II (circa 2650-2550 BCE).<ref>Hamblin 2006, 44-49</ref>

"What is known is that by the third millennium B.C., the Sumerians had improved the shape of the bricks - loaf-shaped at first - by making them flat on one side and convex on the other. More importantly, they also invented the kiln to harden the bricks. Now harder and waterproof, the bricks were also porous, and absorbed some of the bitumen used as mortar and became strong as rock. Esir was then mixed with straw or clay to make it into a stiff mortar capable of sustaining the heavy load of the superimposed brickwork without sagging. Thus were built, until 2200 B.C., the palaces and temples of distant Sumerian kings in such ancient cities as Kish, Ur and Uruk. (Bilkadi, Z. 1984. Bitumen: A History. Saudi Aramco World. November/December. pp 2-9. https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198406/bitumen.-.a.history.htm)

==Social Complexity variables==

'''♠ RA ♣ Marta Bartkowiak ♥'''

===Social Scale===

''' ♠ Polity territory ♣ [1,200-20,200] ♥ ''' in squared kilometers. Adams mentions two settlement enclaves: southern and northern. The southern enclave was inhabited by 86300 people on area of 2398 in squared km and the northern enclave had 20240 people living on area of 1184 in squared km<ref>(Adams 1981, 90) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MAIAZJ3K.</ref> 30,000<ref>Roux 1998, 115</ref>

''' ♠ Polity Population ♣ [20,200-86,300] ♥ '''Adams mentions two settlement enclaves: southern and northern. The southern enclave was inhabited by 86300 people on area of 2398 in squared km and the northern enclave had 20240 people living on area of 1184 in squared km<ref>(Adams 1981, 90) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/MAIAZJ3K.</ref> 100,000-200,000<ref>Peregrine 2002, 113</ref> Most of the population lived in the cites. According to Adams, 10% of the settlement was nonurban (occupying villages smaller than 10ha) and almost 78,4% settlement was large urban area (and had more than 40 ha) in the Early Dynastic Period II/III<ref>Adams 1981, 138</ref> 

''' ♠ Population of the largest settlement ♣ ♥ '''

===Hierarchical Complexity===

''' ♠ Settlement hierarchy ♣ [4-6] ♥ ''' levels. (1) Large City (200 ha and bigger) (2) City (100-200 ha) (3) Large Town (30 ha and bigger) (4) Town (around 15 ha) (5) Village (around 7 ha) (6) Hamlet (around 2 ha).<ref>Adams 1981, 142</ref>

''' ♠ Administrative levels ♣ ♥ ''' levels.

''' ♠ Religious levels ♣ ♥ ''' levels

''' ♠ Military levels ♣ ♥ ''' levels.

===Professions===

''' ♠ Professional military officers ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''

''' ♠ Professional soldiers ♣ present ♥ '''  ''damgar'' in Sumerian<ref>Roux 1998, 117</ref>

''' ♠ Professional priesthood ♣ suspected unknown ♥ ''' Full-time specialists absent/present/inferred present/inferred absent/uncoded/unknown

===Bureaucracy characteristics===

''' ♠ Full-time bureaucrats ♣ suspected unknown ♥ ''' The bureaucratic system was very elaborated but there usually, the administrative works were done either by temple or palace officials<ref>Roux 1998, 119</ref>

''' ♠ Examination system ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''

''' ♠ Merit promotion ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''

''' ♠ Specialized government buildings ♣ absent ♥ ''' Ruler's residence was also an administrative building:"The palace (Sumerian e.gal, Akkadian ekallum) was the residence of the royal family in city-states and imperial capitals, such as Mari and Nineveh, and of governors in provincial cities and towns, such as Eshnunna. It was also an administrative, industrial, and economic center."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 153) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref>

===Law===

''' ♠ Formal legal code ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''

''' ♠ Judges ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''

''' ♠ Courts ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''

''' ♠ Professional Lawyers ♣ suspected unknown ♥'''

===Specialized Buildings: polity owned===

:''' ♠ irrigation systems ♣ present ♥ '''<ref>Charvat 2012, 212</ref>
:''' ♠ drinking water supply systems ♣ present ♥ '''<ref>Delougaz 140, 38</ref>  Is this a piped network that connects the drinking water to individual settlements?
:''' ♠ markets ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ food storage sites ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''

====Transport infrastructure====

:''' ♠ Roads ♣ ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Bridges ♣ ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Canals ♣ present ♥ '''<ref>Emberling 2015, 253</ref>
:''' ♠ Ports ♣ ♥ '''

====Special purpose sites====

:''' ♠ Mines or quarries ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
===Information===

====Writing System====

:''' ♠ Mnemonic devices ♣ ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Nonwritten records ♣ present ♥ '''e.g. glyptic, stela<ref>Roux 1998, 114</ref>
:''' ♠ Written records ♣ present ♥ '''<ref>Roux 1998, 114</ref>
:''' ♠ Script ♣ present ♥ ''' cuneiform<ref>Cunningham 2013, 97-99</ref>
:''' ♠ Phonetic alphabetic writing ♣ absent ♥ '''

====Kinds of Written Documents====

:''' ♠ Lists, tables, and classifications ♣ present ♥ '''<ref>Taylor 2013, 298-99</ref>
:''' ♠ Calendar ♣ present ♥ '''<ref>Cohen 1983, 9</ref>
:''' ♠ Sacred Texts ♣ ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Religious literature ♣ present ♥ ''' e. g. Temple Hymns<ref>Postgate 2007, 26</ref>
:''' ♠ Practical literature ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ History ♣ present ♥ ''' <ref>Postgate 2007, 26</ref>
:''' ♠ Philosophy ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Scientific literature ♣ suspected unknown ♥ ''' Mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences
:''' ♠ Fiction ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''


====Money====

:''' ♠ Articles ♣  ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Tokens ♣  ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Precious metals ♣  present ♥ '''  silver, gold, copper<ref>Roux 1998, 115</ref>
:''' ♠ Foreign coins ♣ absent ♥ ''' Monetary system did not exist in the Early Dynastic Period.
:''' ♠ Indigenous coins ♣ absent ♥ ''' Monetary system did not exist in the Early Dynastic Period.
:''' ♠ Paper currency ♣ absent ♥ ''' Monetary system did not exist in the Early Dynastic Period.
====Postal System====

:''' ♠ Couriers ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Postal stations ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ General postal service ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
==Warfare variables==

'''♠ RA ♣ Marta Bartkowiak ♥'''

===Military Technologies===

====Military use of Metals====

:''' ♠ Copper ♣ present ♥ '''<ref>Hamblin 2006, 48</ref>
:''' ♠ Bronze ♣ present ♥ ''' <ref>Hamblin 2006, 48-9</ref><ref>Charvat 2012, 223</ref>
:''' ♠ Iron ♣  ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Steel ♣ absent ♥ ''' The earliest evidence of steel use are dated to 1800 BC and site Kaman-Kalehoyuk in Central Anatolia<ref>Akamuna 2005, 147-158</ref>

====Projectiles====

:''' ♠ Javelins ♣ inferred absent ♥ ''' Not mentioned in detailed descriptions of equally detailed military iconography.
:''' ♠ Atlatl ♣ absent ♥ ''' New World weapon.
:''' ♠ Slings ♣ present ♥ ''' "Troops also included archers and soldiers armed with slings and ovoid stones, probably mainly recruited among the hunters and fishermen of the south."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 187-188) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref> maceheads<ref>Postgate 2007, 30-31</ref>
:''' ♠ Self bow ♣ present ♥ ''' "Troops also included archers and soldiers armed with slings and ovoid stones, probably mainly recruited among the hunters and fishermen of the south."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 187-188) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref> arrowheads were discovered in many graves dated to Early Dynastic Period<ref>Charvat 2012, 198</ref>
:''' ♠ Composite bow ♣ absent ♥ ''' "The later third-millennium development of the composite bow revolutionized warfare."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 188) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref>
:''' ♠ Crossbow ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Tension siege engines ♣ inferred absent ♥ ''' There are no archaeological records regarding the invention of this machine before 4th century BC<ref>Marsden 1969, 5, 16, 66.</ref>
:''' ♠ Sling siege engines ♣ inferred absent ♥ ''' This type of engine is known from ancient time, and the first evidence came from 4th century BC. <ref>Campbel 2003,3, 8. </ref>
:''' ♠ Gunpowder siege artillery ♣ inferred absent ♥ ''' The gunpowder was invented around 9th century AD, but the gunpowder artillery was in use since Middle Age. <ref>Needham 1987, 266.</ref>
:''' ♠ Handheld firearms ♣ inferred absent ♥ ''' The first very simple firearms came from China and are dated to 13th century AD <ref>Ho Peng Yoke 1997, 389.</ref>

====Handheld weapons====

: ''' ♠ War clubs ♣ inferred present ♥ ''' "It was not until iron came into widespread use in the early first millennium that swords in particular and iron weapons in general began to replace the more expensive bronze spears, arrowheads, axes, and daggers of earlier times."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 190) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref> maceheads<ref>Postgate 2007, 30-31</ref>
: ''' ♠ Battle axes ♣ inferred present ♥ ''' "It was not until iron came into widespread use in the early first millennium that swords in particular and iron weapons in general began to replace the more expensive bronze spears, arrowheads, axes, and daggers of earlier times."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 190) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref><ref>Hamblin 2006, 48</ref>
: ''' ♠ Daggers ♣ inferred present ♥ ''' "It was not until iron came into widespread use in the early first millennium that swords in particular and iron weapons in general began to replace the more expensive bronze spears, arrowheads, axes, and daggers of earlier times."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 190) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref>
: ''' ♠ Swords ♣ inferred present ♥ ''' "It was not until iron came into widespread use in the early first millennium that swords in particular and iron weapons in general began to replace the more expensive bronze spears, arrowheads, axes, and daggers of earlier times."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 190) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref>
: ''' ♠ Spears ♣ inferred present ♥ ''' "The Standard of Ur' and 'The Stele of Vultures' (see p. 75) depict foot soldiers armed with spears or pole-mounted axes, their heads protected by leather or felt helmets."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 187) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref>
: ''' ♠ Polearms ♣ inferred present ♥ ''' "The Standard of Ur' and 'The Stele of Vultures' (see p. 75) depict foot soldiers armed with spears or pole-mounted axes, their heads protected by leather or felt helmets."<ref>(McIntosh 2005: 187) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD.</ref>
====Animals used in warfare====

:''' ♠ Dogs ♣ present ♥ ''' scene at cylindrical seal<ref>Hamblin 2006, 50</ref>
:''' ♠ Donkeys ♣ present ♥ ''' there are depicted the war-carts pulled by donkeys<ref>Hamblin 2006, 49</ref>
:''' ♠ Horses ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Camels ♣ unknown  ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Elephants ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
====Armor====

:''' ♠ Wood, bark, etc ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Leather, cloth ♣ inferred present ♥ ''' some leather-like cloths protecting the warriors were shown on the Standard of Ur<ref>Hamblin 2006, 49</ref>
:''' ♠ Shields ♣ present ♥ '''<ref>Hamblin 2006, 48</ref>
:''' ♠ Helmets ♣ present ♥ '''<ref>Hamblin 2006, 48</ref>
:''' ♠ Breastplates ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Limb protection ♣ suspected unknown ♥ ''' E.g., greaves.
:''' ♠ Chainmail ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Scaled armor ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Laminar armor ♣ suspected unknown ♥ ''' (also known as banded mail, example: lorica segmentata)
:''' ♠ Plate armor ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''

====Naval technology====

:''' ♠ Small vessels (canoes, etc) ♣  ♥ ''' Some boats were used during military campaigns, but there is impossible to establish what type of boats were used<ref>Hamblin 2006, 50</ref>
:''' ♠ Merchant ships pressed into service ♣  ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Specialized military vessels ♣  ♥ ''' (such as galleys and sailing ships)

====Fortifications====

:'''♠ Settlements in a defensive position ♣ present ♥ ''' e. g. Tell Taja<ref>Roux 1998, 113</ref>
:''' ♠ Wooden palisades ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Earth ramparts ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Ditch ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Moat ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Stone walls (non-mortared) ♣ suspected unknown ♥ ''' Partly stone walls were discovered at Tall Taja.<ref>Roux 1998, 113</ref> ''Were these defensive stone walls or the walls of a building? More detail needed.''
:''' ♠ Stone walls (mortared) ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Fortified camps ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Complex fortifications ♣ suspected unknown ♥ '''
:''' ♠ Long walls ♣ ♥ ''' km.
:''' ♠ Modern fortifications ♣ absent ♥ ''' used after the introduction of gunpowder, e.g., trace italienne/starfort

==Institutional Variables==

'''♠ RA ♣ ♥'''

===Limits on Power of the Chief Executive===

====Power distributed====

: '''♠ Constraint on executive by government ♣ ♥'''
: '''♠ Constraint on executive by non-government ♣ ♥'''
: '''♠ Impeachment ♣ ♥'''

==Social Mobility==

===Status===

'''Elite status'''
: '''♠ elite status is hereditary ♣ ♥'''
==Religion and Normative Ideology==
===Deification of Rulers===

'''♠ Rulers are legitimated by gods ♣ ♥'''

===Normative Ideological Aspects of Equity and Prosociality===

===Moralizing Supernatural Powers===

:'''♠ Moral concern is primary ♣ inferred absent ♥'''
:'''♠ Moralizing enforcement is certain ♣ inferred absent ♥'''
:'''♠ Moralizing norms are broad ♣ absent_to_present ♥'''
:'''♠ Moralizing enforcement is targeted ♣ absent_to_present ♥'''
:'''♠ Moralizing enforcement of rulers ♣ absent_to_present ♥'''
:'''♠ Moralizing religion adopted by elites ♣ present ♥'''
:'''♠ Moralizing religion adopted by commoners ♣ absent_to_present ♥''' 
:'''♠ Moralizing enforcement in afterlife ♣ inferred absent ♥'''
:'''♠ Moralizing enforcement in this life ♣ present ♥'''
:'''♠ Moralizing enforcement is agentic ♣ present ♥'''
These data were reviewed by expert advisors and consultants. For a detailed description of these data, refer to the relevant Analytic Narratives, reference tables, and acknowledgements page.
<ref>http://seshatdatabank.info/databrowser/moralizing-supernatural-punishment-acknowledgements.html</ref>
<ref>http://seshatdatabank.info/databrowser/moralizing-supernatural-punishment-narratives.html</ref>
<ref>http://seshatdatabank.info/databrowser/moralizing-supernatural-punishment-nga_tables.html</ref>

=References=

<references />

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Akanuma, H. 2005. The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey. Anatolian Archaeological Studies 14: 147-158.

Asher-Greve, J. M. 2013. Women and agency: a survey from Late Uruk to the end of Ur III. In: H. Crawford (ed.), The Sumerian World.London and New York: Routledge, 359-377.

Barjamović, G. 2012. Mesopotamian Empires. In: P. Fibiger Bang & W. Scheidel (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 120-160.

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Campbel, D. 2003. Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BC - AD 363. Oxford: Osprey.

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Needham, J. 1987. Science & Civilisation in China, volume 7: The Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 266.

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